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ARTICLES
Jacek Zieliński
MĘCZEŃSTWO JAKO IDEAŁ ŻYCIA CHRZEŚCIJAŃSKIEGO W MYŚLI ORYGENESA
Abstract: The article presents a philosophical and theological analysis of the concept of death
in the writings of Origen of Alexandria, with particular emphasis on his treatise Exhortation
to Martyrdom. The author argues that, in Origen’s thought, martyrdom is not merely
a testimony of faith, but its very fulfillment and crowning – a supreme expression of love
for God and the outcome of following the truth revealed to humanity through the Logos,
the Son of God. Origen distinguishes three forms of death: death to sin (blessed), death
through sin (the spiritual ruin of the soul), and common death (the physical separation of
soul and body). Martyrdom is thus identified as a privileged and perfect form of the first
type. According to Origen, fear of physical death is unfounded for the Christian, who lives
in anticipation of union with Christ and eternal life. Martyrdom appears, therefore, not as
a tragic event, but as a joyful consequence of authentic discipleship and the eschatological
culmination of the Christian vocation.
Keywords: Origen of Alexandria, martyrdom, death to sin, imitation of Christ, early Christian theology, Logos, early Christian eschatology.
Małgorzata Piotrkowska-Dańkowska
- RECOGNIZING REALITY ON THE WAY TO THE SOURCE.
On the margins of Czesław Miłosz’s The Second Space and St. John Paul II’s Roman Triptych, part 1
ROZPOZNAWANIE RZECZYWISTOŚCI W DRODZE DO ŹRÓDŁA.
Na marginesie Drugiej przestrzeni Czesława Miłosza i Tryptyku rzymskiego, cz. I, Jana Pawła II
Abstract: The article is a compilation of the cognitive perspective and significant relationships
in human life, which two great Poles concluded in a poetic memento: Czesław Miłosz –
a classic poet and metaphysician, and St. John Paul II – pope, moralist theologian, poet.
The subject of the aspect-based comparative analysis were the poems initiating their last
lyrical publications: The Second Space and the first text of the Theological Treatise by the
Nobel Prize winner and the Roman Triptych, part 1, written by the Pope. Miłosz shows the
effects of reduced epistemology and axiology, which lead to anthropological reduction. He
sees the source of this process in the decadence of language. He proposes to restore the
absolute point of reference in reality. The Pope shows the existence of the world and man in
a theocentric perspective. In this way, it shows the unity and stability of the ties that Miłosz
wrote about breaking. Recognizing the importance of the heritage of Czesław Miłosz and
St. John Paul II, we can accept their poetic statements as a paradigm left to man and the
culture of our times.
Keywords: The Second Space, Theological Treatise, Roman Triptych, Stream, poetic meditations, cognition and relationships, anthropological reduction.
Ks. Roman Bogacz
Hanna Walentyna Górska
TERMIN ךְאָלְמַ (ANIOŁ) W PSALMACH
Abstract: The article reveals the term Malak in the Book of Psalms. Surprisingly, the term
occurs only 8 times in the psalms. The first three occurrences are used in the singular,
without the pronominal suffix, but with the determiner Yahweh. They could mean God
himself, or God’s messenger. The fourth occurrence is also without a pronominal suffix,
but occurs in the plural. It has a negative meaning and denotes the Messengers of the
Destroyers. The other four places where the term Malak is used occur with a pronominal
suffix in the 3rd person singular and denote the angels as the heavenly court that blesses
God, worships Him and is ready to perform His service.
Keywords: malʾākh, angel, Messenger, The Book of Psalms, the Old Testament, and exegesis.
Krystyna Laszczyńska-Fankanowska
CYPRIAN NORWID – WOBEC ŚMIERCI SWOICH PARYSKICH PRZYJACIÓŁ
Abstract: The submission is an attempt to present Cyprian Norwid’s reflecsion on the situation
on the death of his great Parisian friends. The poet witnessed the passing of Fryderyk
Chopin, Juliusz Słowacki. He was very upset about the burial of Adam Mickiewicz, whose
body was brought from Istambul and buried in the Montmorency Cemetery in Paris. In
the enormous legacy of the author of Promethidion one can find a number of references
to last meetings and farewells, but also poetic, literary, philosophical commentaries on the
issue of the passing of these great men of culture. The poet’s memories contained in Black
flowers are presented in which he describes, among others, his last meetings with Chopin,
Słowacki, Mickiewicz. Poem Chopin’s Piano was discussed, and the poem What have you
done Athens, Socrates was also analyzed in the context of the distinction between a parish
and a historical funeral suggested by the fourth bard.
Keywords: last meetings, farewells, parish funeral, historical funeral.
Ks. Tomasz Czernik
Łukasz Wolański
PRZYGOTOWANIE TEOLOGICZNE DIAKONA STAŁEGO – INTEGRALNY ELEMENT FORMACJI, CZY AUTONOMICZNE STUDIA AKADEMICKIE?
Abstract: The article discusses the issue of the theological education of permanent deacons
in the context of the formal ecclesiastical requirements, focusing on the question of
whether the requirement to complete a full Bachelor of Sacred Theology (BSC) course is
necessary for candidates for the permanent diaconate in Poland. Entering into a polemic
with the positions previously presented in the literature, the study shows that the documents
of the Universal Church postulate, above all, that the preparation of candidates for
the permanent diaconate should take the form of a coherent formation program. Theological
intellectual formation should constitute its integral element. Current regulations
do not require a future deacon to obtain baccalaureate degree in theology. The practice
of countries with a longer history of the service of the permanent diaconate than Poland
shows, that permanent deacons do not have to complete master’s studies to receive appropriate
formation. Finally, the demographic context of the Church in Poland is not without
significance in the whole matter: in fact, only in those dioceses where there is
no excessive requirement for a future permanent deacon to obtain a BSC in theology, in relation to the
regulations, the number of permanent deacons is systematically growing. The postulates
and conclusions presented in the study constitute the official position of the St. Lawrence
Center for the Formation of Permanent Deacons of the Legnica Diocese, Poland.
Keywords: permanent diaconate, formation of permanent deacons, theological education
of permanent deacons, theological studies.
Anna Gładkowska
KONFLIKT MIĘDZY PAŃSTWEM I KOŚCIOŁEM NA TLE MILENIUM (1958-1966)
Abstract: Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in July 1958 had
wrote a letter to the goverment of party, which announced the fight with warring clericalism.
In the spring of 1959 was held in Warsaw, the III Congress of the Communist Party, by
which the Central Committee of the Party and government leaders attacked Church. Their
goal was restriction liberty which had Church – to cult matters and ministry of religious
worship. Communist Part would erase aid and abet in social, cultural and educational live
of the country. The next years brought a series of brutal repression against the Church.
Keywords: nation, communist authorities, Church, Anniversary of the baptism of Poland,
conflict.
Ewelina Kosior
ROLA SZTUCZNEJ INTELIGENCJI W EDUKACJI RELIGIJNEJ
Abstract: The article explores the opportunities and risks associated with the use of artificial
intelligence (AI) in religious education. It presents the definition and nature of AI,
as well as its main mechanisms, with particular emphasis on machine learning algorithms
and deep learning. The core of the text focuses on AI’s educational potential: personalized
learning, support for catechists, interactive dialogue formats, increased accessibility to religious
content, immersive simulations, and assistance in spiritual and moral formation. The
author also discusses specific tools such as Bible apps, theological chatbots, LMS platforms,
VR/AR solutions, and software for analyzing religious texts. The final part of the article
addresses potential threats related to AI use in catechesis, including the reduction of faith
to information, doctrinal inaccuracies, diminished teacher roles, simulation of spiritual
experiences, privacy concerns, and the risk of ideological bias. The article emphasizes the
need for a critical approach to technology and the importance of keeping the human person
and relational dimension at the center of any AI-assisted educational process.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, religious education, personalized learning, spiritual formation,
theological risks.
Ks. Adrian Mętel
- THE OPEN AND SECRET CANON IN FOURTH EZRA.
The vision of 94 books and its implications for the biblical canon formation and esoteric knowledge in Judaism at the turn of the era
KANON JAWNY I TAJEMNY W CZWARTEJ KSIĘDZE EZDRASZA.
Wizja 94 ksiąg a formowanie się kanonu biblijnego i ezoteryczna wiedza w judaizmie przełomu er
Abstract: The article examines the seventh vision of Fourth Ezra (a Jewish apocalypse
composed at the end of the 1st century CE), in which the prophet Ezra miraculously reproduces
94 sacred books – 24 intended for all people and 70 reserved only for the wise. This
description is interpreted in the context of the formation of the Jewish biblical canon after
the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE), when the collection of inspired writings
(the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible) was finalized. At the same time, the apocalyptic vision
points to the existence of a tradition of secret literature – “hidden” books available only to
the initiated – reflecting ideas of esoteric knowledge in Judaism at the turn of the eras. The
article discusses the significance of this scene for understanding the concept of an open
versus secret canon: it compares the message of 4 Ezra with parallel currents in apocalyptic
literature (including 2 Baruch) and with the approach of rabbinic tradition, which distanced
itself from extraneous writings and emphasized the authority of the public Revelation.
Keywords: Fourth Ezra, Hebrew Bible canon, apocrypha, apocalyptic literature, esotericism
in Judaism, rabbinic tradition.
Ks. Piotr Kaczmarek
ZWIĄZKI PRYMASA POLSKI STEFANA KARDYNAŁA WYSZYŃSKIEGO Z TERENAMI OBECNEJ DIECEZJI ŚWIDNICKIEJ
Abstract: This article presents the connections of the primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan
Wyszyński, with the areas of the Świdnica Diocese, which has existed since 2004. The
author emphasizes the importance of primate Wyszyński in the reconstruction of the Western
and Northern Territories and in the development of the Church in these regions
during the very difficult period of post-war Poland under communist rule. The article also
addresses, among other topics, the primate’s visits to Lower Silesia – such as Bardo Śląskie,
Wambierzyce, and Sokołówka – which today lie within the boundaries of the Świdnica
diocese.
Keywords: Archdiocese of Wrocław, Bardo Śląskie, bishops, Świdnica diocese, Lower Silesia,
catholic Church, Wambierzyce, visits, Primate Stefan Wyszyński, Western and Northern
Territories, connections.
Roman Mazur SDB
RETORYCZNA ROLA TRYBU ROZKAZUJĄCEGO W LIŚCIE DO GALATÓW
Abstract: The article draws attention to the rhetorical role of the imperative mood in the
Letter to the Galatians. The presence of the imperative mood in the appropriate places in
the Letter does not seem accidental and allows for the classification of the places where
this mood is present as the parenetic theme. Additionally, the presence of this mood and
the verbs chosen for it constitute a thematic indication of the parenetic teaching chosen
by St. Paul, which was considered necessary to maintain the integrity of the evangelical
life of the communities of the Galatian church. In the first part of the article, I present the
presence of the imperative mood in the Corpus Paulinum, paying attention to its type and
grammatical tense, then I focus on the presence of this mood in the Letter to the Galatians
and draw attention to the grammatical subjects of these moods. In the second part of the
article, shorter in volume due to the rhetorical analysis itself, I present the rhetorical effect
of the use of the imperative mood in Galatians, showing the scope of ethical requirements
to be applied in the Galatian church in order to remain faithful to the Gospel and to avoid
attitudes contrary to such a moral Christian attitude. At the same time, a rhetorical way of
achieving such an intention will be indicated. In the final conclusions, based on the presence
of imperative moods in the previously identified and indicated elements of the rhetorical
disposition of Galatians, a rhetorical type of the Letter will be proposed, emphasizing
the freedom and ability of the Apostle to use appropriate rhetorical means to achieve
the intended goal. Finally, an effective and intended way of separating dogmatic teaching from
parenetic teaching by St. Paul will be indicated, emphasized by the need to take care of the
previously presented Christian attitude maintaining the Galatians in the universal Church
standing on the foundation of the Gospel preached by the Apostle. In the case of the Letter
to the Galatians, precise attention to the structuring presence of the imperative mood
and, as a result, the influence on the rhetorical genre is a novelty in looking for finding the
persuasive techniques used by St. Paul in an unconventional but nevertheless effective way.
Keywords: the Letter to the Galatians, rhetorical genre, imperative mood, parenesis, Christian
ethics.
Rafał Szopa
PREMISES FOR TRANSCENDENCE FROM NATURAL SCIENCES
Abstract: This article collects and analyzes the most fundamental assumptions present
in the natural sciences that can be philosophically interpreted as suggesting the existence
of Transcendence. These assumptions are implicit, operating independently of whether
Transcendence exists or not, but they raise questions whose answers may indicate that the
existence of Transcendence is much more probable than it seems. These assumptions are
therefore premises for philosophical interpretations, not parts of strictly logical reasoning.
Keywords: Transcendence, natural sciences, methodological naturalism, pancomputationalism,
Gödel’s theorem, consciousness.
RECENZJE, OMÓWIENIA I SPRAWOZDANIA
Ks. Adam R. Prokop
Eugeniusz Sakowicz, Rozmowy minione… o Kościele, religii, nauce
Wydawnictwo „Scirptum”, Kraków 2023, ss. 340
Jarosław Sempryk
Reiner Mühlhoff, The Ethics of AI – Power, Critique, Responsibility,
Bristol University Press 2025, ss. 232
Jarosław Sempryk
Parmy Olson, Supremacy: AI, ChatGPT and the race that will change the world,
Pan Macmillan (Macmillan Business, UK) 2024, ss. 336
Jan Ryszard Sielezin
Krzesimir Dębski, Wołyń. Nic nie jest w porządku,
Warszawa 2025, ss. 260
Ks. Sławomir Kowalski
SPRAWOZDANIE Z SYMPOZJUM NAUKOWEGO PROFESORÓW I WYKŁADOWCÓW HISTORII KOŚCIOŁA,
POZNAŃ, 23-25 KWIETNIA 2025 R.
